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184

Beth Hale, “Tormented by Trolling: The Vile Web Craze Taunted Family of Bullied Girl after Her Death,” The Daily Mail, February 26, 2011 (дата обращения: 27.02.2011), URL: .

185

Tanith Carey, “‘Help Me, Mummy. It’s Hot Here in Hell’: A Special Investigation into the Distress of Grieving Families Caused by the Sick Internet Craze of ‘Trolling,” The Daily Mail, September 24, 2011 (дата обращения: 25.09.2012), URL: .

186

David P. Phillips and Lundie L. Carstensen, “Clustering of Teenage Suicides after Television News Stories about Suicide,” New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 11 (1986): 685–689.

187

“Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide,” American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (дата обращения: 05.01.2010), URL: .

188

Hale, “Tormented by Trolling,” URL: .

189

“Online ‘Trolls’ Terrorize the Grieving,” URL: .

190

Christian Salazar, “Alexis Pilkington Facebook Horror: Cyber Bullies Harass Teen Even after Suicide,” Huffington Post, May 25, 2010 (дата обращения: 26.05.2010), URL: .

191

Про Фессор, обмен сообщениями с автором в «Фейсбуке» и «Скайпе», 2011 г.

192

Паули Сокэш, «Наконец это случилось», электронное письмо автору от 15 апреля 2010 г.

193

Stuart Hall, “The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media,” in Silver Linings: Some Strategies for the Eighties, ed. George Bridges and Rosalind Brunt (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1981), 36–37.

194

Henry Jenkins, “If It Doesn’t Spread, It’s Dead,” Henryjenkins.org,February 11, 2009 (дата обращения: 12.07.2010), URL: .

195

Judith Butler, Excitable Speech (New York: Routledge, 1997).

196

Jane Hill, The Everyday Language of White Racism (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008), 180.

197

Ibid.

198

Shelby Grad, “Sorting Out the Facts in the Obama-Joker ‘Socialist’ Posters around L. A.,” Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2009 (дата обращения: 05.08.2009), URL: .

199

«Темный рыцарь» (The Dark Knight), реж. Кристофер Нолан (Hollywood, CA: Warner Brothers, 2008).

200

Jonathan Jerald, “Mystery Obama/Joker Poster Appears in L. A.,” Bedlam Magazine, April 25, 2009 (дата обращения: 08.08.2009, страница удалена), URL: .

201

Patrick Courrielche, “The Artist Formally Known as Dissent,” Reason Magazine, August 7, 2009 (дата обращения: 10.08.2009), URL: .

202

“Batman,” Encyclopedia Dramatica, August 17, 2009 (дата обращения: 12.06.2010, сайт удален), URL: .

203

Ibid.

204

“Obama Joker,” Encyclopedia Dramatica, August 29, 2009 (дата обращения: 02.12.2009, сайт удален), URL: .

205

“A Tax Protest for the Productive People Who Drive Our Economy and Cannot Take Time Off Work to Protest,” Teabagparty (дата обращения: 10.08.2009, пост удален),

206

“10 Most Offensive Tea Party Signs,” Huffington Post, April 16, 2009 (дата обращения: 12.06.2012), URL: .

207

“Womb Raiders – Orly Taitz,” Colbert Nation, July 28, 2009 (дата обращения: 03.08.2009), URL: .

208

Bob Cesca, “Keep Your Goddamn Government Hands Off My Medicare,” Huffington Post, August 5, 2009 (дата обращения: 06.08.2009), URL: .

209

Paul Krugman, “The Town Hall Mob,” New York Times, August 6, 2009 (дата обращения: 08.08.2009), URL: .

210

Paul Krugman, “Tea Parties Forever,” New York Times, April 12, 2009 (дата обращения: 01.05.2014), URL: .

211

Sarah Palin, “Statement on the Current Health Care Debate,” Facebook, August 7, 2009 (дата обращения: 10.08.2010), URL: .

212

Rachel Weiner, “Obama’s NH Town Hall Brings Out Birthers, Deathers, and More,” Huffington Post, August 13, 2009 (дата обращения: 13.08.2009), URL: .

213

Mike Stuckey, “Guns Near Obama Fuel ‘Open-Carry’ Debate,” MSNBC, August 25, 2009 (дата обращения: 26.08.2009), URL: .

214

Tammy Bruce, “You Know B. Hussein Is in Trouble When…,” Tammybruce.com, July 31, 2009 (дата обращения: 02.08.2009), URL: .

215

Pamela Geller, “The Worm Turns:),” Atlas Shrugs, August 1, 2009 (дата обращения: 05.08.2009), URL: .

216

Phillip Kennicott, “Obama as the Joker Betrays Racial Ugliness, Fears,” Washington Post, August 6, 2009 (дата обращения: 09.08.2009), URL: .

217

Stephen Mikulan, “New Anti-Obama ‘Joker’ Poster,” LA Weekly, August 3, 2009 (дата обращения: 05.08.2009), URL: .

218

Jerald, “Mystery Obama/Joker Poster Appears in L. A.,” URL: .

219

Mark Milian, “Shepard Fairey Has ‘Doubts’ about Intelligence of Obama Joker Artist,” Los Angeles Times, August 10, 2009 (дата обращения: 11.08.2009), URL: .

220

David Ng, “Reading Into the Obama as Joker Poster… Or Not,” Los Angeles Times, August 5, 2009 (дата обращения: 06.08.2009), URL: .

221

Mark Milian, “Obama Joker Artist Unmasked: A Fellow Chicagoan,” Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2009 (дата обращения: 17.08.2009), URL: .

222

Ibid.

223

“Why So Serious,” Encyclopedia Dramatica, August 17, 2009 (дата обращения: 20.08.2009, сайт удален), URL: .

224

Комментарий к статье: Jerald, “Mystery Obama/Joker Poster Appears in L. A.” (дата обращения: 08.08.2009), URL: .

225

Matt Gertz and Eric Hananoki, “Corsi’s Claim That Obama Posted ‘False, Fake Birth Certificate’ Flatly Rejected by Hawaii Health Department,” Media Matters, August 15, 2008 (дата обращения: 05.06.2012), URL: .

226

Eric Hananoki, “Fox News Still Trafficking in Birth Certificate Theories,” Media Matters, May 28, 2009 (дата обращения: 08.06.2012), URL: .

227

“Gibbs Finally Fields Birth Certificate Question,” Fox Nation, May 27, 2009 (дата обращения: 08.06.2012, страница удалена), URL: .

228

Ellen, “Fox News Legitimizes Birthers,” News Hounds, July 14, 2009 (дата обращения: 20.06.2012), URL: .

229

Ibid.;

“Fox News Again Posts Birther Story with Picture of Obama in Somali Clothes,” Media Matters, July 20, 2009 (дата обращения: 12.06.2012), URL: .

230

Tommy De Seno, “Obama’s to Blame for Birther Movement,” Fox News, July 29, 2009 (дата обращения: 04.06.2012), URL: .

231

Hananoki, “Fox News Still Trafficking in Birth Certificate Theories,” URL: .

232

Matthew Biedlingmaier, “Following McCain Rally Appearance, Bill Cunningham Uses Obama’s Middle Name Seven Times on Hannity and Colmbs,” Media Matters, February 27, 2008 (дата обращения: 03.06.2012), URL: .

233

“Obama Smeared as Former ‘Madrassa’ Student, Possible Covert Muslim Extremist,” Think Progress, January 19, 2007 (дата обращения: 04.06.2012), URL: .

234

“Fox News – Barack Obama – This Is HUGE!” YouTube, January 31, 2007 (дата обращения: 20.06.2012), URL: .

235

Judy, “Fox and Friends ‘Corrects’ Obama Madrassa Claim,” News Hounds, January 22, 2007 (дата обращения: 23.06.2012), URL: .

236

“Terrorist Fist Jab,” YouTube, June 7, 2008 (дата обращения: 13.06.2012), URL: .

237

Deborah, “Laura Ingraham Tells O’Reilly What’s Wrong with Michelle Obama and Joe Biden,” News Hounds, August 26, 2008 (дата обращения: 05.06.2012), URL: .

238

“Fox Host Glenn Beck: Obama Is a ‘Racist,’” Huffington Post, August 28, 2009 (дата обращения: 12.06.2012), URL: .

239

David Neiwert, “Lou Dobbs and the Birthers: Mainstreaming Fringe Ideas for Ratings Eventually Will Catch Up with You,” Crooks and Liars, July 27, 2009 (дата обращения: 20.03.2014), URL: .

240

Brian Selter, “On Television and Radio, Talk of Obama’s Citizenship,” New York Times, July 24, 2009 (дата обращения: 20.03.2014), URL: .

241

Matea Gold, “CNN Chief Addresses Obama Birth Controversy,” Los Angeles Times, July 25, 2009 (дата обращения: 20.03.2014), URL: .

242

Tim Mak, “Pat Buchanan Axed by MSNBC,” Politico, February 17, 2012 (дата обращения: 20.03.2014), URL: .

243

“We President Now (image macro),” 4chan /b/, November 5, 2008 (дата обращения: 05.11.2008, ветка удалена), URL: .